Which of the following stains can coronal polishing effectively remove?

Coronal polishing is a technique primarily used to remove extrinsic stains from teeth, which typically occur on the outer surface of the enamel. These extrinsic stains are often a result of dietary factors and lifestyle choices, such as the consumption of coffee, tea, tobacco, and various foods. During the coronal polishing process, abrasive materials are used along with a rotating rubber cup or other polishing instruments, allowing dental professionals to effectively clean the tooth surfaces and eliminate these superficial stains.

The technique focuses on polishing the enamel and removing any deposits that are not chemically bonded to the tooth structure. Extrinsic stains are usually removable because they sit on the surface rather than penetrating into the tooth enamel, making them candidates for successful removal through coronal polishing.

In contrast, intrinsic stains, which result from factors such as medications or systemic issues, are more deeply embedded in the tooth structure and typically require different treatment options, such as whitening procedures or restorations. Stains caused by excessive fluoride can also be intrinsic and may not be effectively removed through polishing alone. Deeply embedded stains, often associated with aging, indicate that the discoloration is below the enamel surface, further complicating removal through coronal polishing.

Therefore, extrinsic stains from coffee, tea, tobacco, and